Schools of thought:

Animism
Atomism
Cynicism
Eleaticism
Empiricism
Epicureanism
Existentialism
Feminism
Hedonism
Humanism
Idealism
Materialism
Nihilism
Objectivism
Phenomenology
Platonism
Positivism
Postmodernism
Pragmatism
Pythagoreanism
Rationalism
Realism
Scholasticism
Skepticism
Sophism
Stoicism
Surrealism
Utilitarianism

Philosophers:

Anaximander
Anaximenes
Aquinas
Aristotle - Rhetoric
Jean Baudrillard - Radical Thought
Roland Barthes - Elements of semiology1
Confucius - Analects
De Beauvoir
Derrida
Descartes - Discourse on the method
Descartes - Meditations
Descartes (by Tom Nuttall)
Dewey
Einstein
Empedocles
Epicurus
Michel Foucault - The Order of Things
Hegel - Philosophy of Right
Heidegger
Heraclitus
Hobbes
Hume
Husserl
Hypatia
James
Kant
Kierkegaard
Kuhn
Leibniz
Locke
Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince
Marx
Friedrich Nietzsche - Thus Spake ZARATHUSTRA
Friedrich Nietzsche - On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense
Blaise Pascal - 1660 thoughts
Peirce
Plato
Pythagoras
Salman Rushdie - TheSatanicVerses
Rouseau J.J.
Russell
Sartre
Schopenhauer
Socrates
Spinoza
Turing
Wittgenstein